found that literacy level, rather than years of education, better predicts cognitive decline regardless of race/ethnicity literacy, and years of education are not concordant.Įstimates are that only half of individuals with AD have been diagnosed, and, of those diagnosed, only 33% are aware of their diagnosis. The cognitive reserve theory states that individuals with more educational, occupational, and cognitive engagement are more resilient to damage to their brain, delaying the presentation of symptoms of dementia. Educational attainment is also strongly associated with cognitive reserve. Īmong minority populations, educational attainment is a particularly important risk factor for dementia individuals with fewer years of formal education have a greater risk for developing dementia,. This is a timely topic because the number of racial/ethnic minority group members has increased and will continue to increase in the United States. Measurement bias in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and other screening tools might inflate rates among minorities. Racial/ethnic minorities are disproportionately at risk for dementia African Americans and Hispanics are more likely to develop AD and other dementias than their non-Hispanic White counterparts, likely because of differences in underlying risk factors,. By diagnosing MCI, health care professionals can act to control cardiovascular risk factors, increase exercise, and initiate cognitive training interventions that may reduce progression from MCI to AD. MCI can be used for early detection and prevention of progression to dementia. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the stage between healthy cognitive aging and dementia, is defined as greater cognitive impairment than is expected for one's age. Risk factors for AD include nonmodifiable factors, such as older age, family history, and the presence of the apolipoprotein E ( APOE)-ε4 gene, and potentially modifiable risk factors, including low educational attainment, low socioeconomic status, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, depression, and low social and cognitive engagement. It is answered by the patient, family, or caregiver to indicate the presence of cognitive impairment.Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, affected approximately 5.5 million Americans in 2017 this number is projected to increase to as high as 16 million by 2050. The questionnaire is useful to assess and monitor functional changes over time. The Functional Activities Questionnaire calculates the extent of the patient’s ability to engage in instrumental activities of daily living. Both anxiety and depression may affect cognitive assessment scores. This tool is a valid screening tool for gauging severity of generalized anxiety symptoms. More information about PHQ-9 can be found here. The PHQ-9 can be useful in clinical practice to assess depression severity and its symptoms. A score of greater than five indicates further evaluation. Score one point when the patient answer matches the test answer. The Geriatric Depression Scale can be useful for patients who have mild-to-moderate symptoms of dementia. Its use is granted by Washington University for clinical care purposes. No formal training is needed to administer the test. In combination with the Mini-COG, the AD8 is effective for detecting early cognitive change. The test consists of eight yes-or-no questions about changes in the person’s thinking, memory, and behavior. This brief 3-minute test was originally designed as an informant screening tool but has also been validated as a direct questionnaire for the patient. A one-hour Training & Certification module supports MoCA’s validity and was designed for busy medical professionals. Both an app and paper versions are available. It is easy to administer and score, and the results can be interpreted by the health provider with minimal training. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment is a quick and easy instrument that can be adapted for use in the clinical setting. This paper tool is helpful for clinics that serve linguistically diverse populations that have varying education levels. This validated short cognitive screening instrument is designed to reduce the impact of language and cultural differences on the results of screened individuals. Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) Training for use of this tool takes about ten minutes. This is a free tool and is available in many languages. The Mini-Cog is a three-minute instrument for the patient that consists of two components: a three-item recall test for memory and a clock drawing test.
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